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also François Déroche,  Les écritures coraniques anciennes. Bilan et perspectives , Revue des
Etudes Islamiques 48 (1980), pp. 207 24, esp. p. 211, pp. 215 17. Compare Gruendler,
Arabic Scripts, pp. 134 7 (description), p. 141 (chart).
84 On the yýÿ", see Grohmann,  The Problem of Dating . He concludes that the early Qur an
manuscript, MS P. Michaéldidès 32, dates to the 1st/7th century. Whelan also makes note of
this type of yýÿ" (Whelan,  Some Early Qur"ýÿn Manuscripts , p. 116). Other than in a few
places, e.g. Q. 7:104 (f. 3b.4), where Müsýÿ appears without one, this manuscript uses the
reverted yýÿ", e.g. at Q. 10:83 (f. 18a.7) (where Müsýÿ appears with one). On the dýÿl/dhýÿl,
ýÿ"/÷ýÿ", see Grohmann,  The Problem of Dating , pp. 225 6 (comparing his manuscript to one
that appears in Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer: F¼hrer durch die Ausstellung (Wien: Selbst Verlag
der Sammlung, Alfred Hölder, 1894)). Comparisons of some letters that appear in
Grohmann s analysis of MS Paris 328a (which he mentions in his detailed treatment) and in
our manuscript, show that letters in the three manuscripts are stylistically similar.
85 Whelan,  Writing the Word , pp. 113 15.
86 Dutton contends that the manuscript appeared to be a large undertaking that would have
required patronage. He reasons that, because it follows a Syrian system, the patronage was
 Non-Canonical Readings of the Qur an 121
probably from a Syrian government, which would mean that it would have had to be during
the period when the Umayyad caliphate was in Syria (40/660 132/750) and probably before
Wal1
d (reg. 86/705 96/715)  who reportedly patronised Qur ans in the Küfic script. For him,
the manuscript may date to the period between 30/650 (after the fiUthmýÿnic compilation, as it
is an fiUthmýÿnic codex) and 85/704 (before the reign of Wal1
d s Küfic-patronage) (Dutton,
 Notes , p. 65 6). Cf. Grohmann,  The Problem of Dating , p. 222 (dating this manuscript to
the 1st/7th century). This is quite plausible, but three features of the manuscript raise questions
about this patronage scenario. The manuscript s reading tradition is eclectically Syrian, i.e.
produced over a period of time and a stretch of space that started in Øimß (or with a scribe
who followed that reading) perhaps in the first century and ended in Damascus (or with
scribes who followed that reading) perhaps within decades thereafter. In addition, the
manuscript is unfinished (many of the folios not included in the facsimile are missing the later
illumination). Finally, if the Øijýÿz1
script continued to be used in Qur ans beyond the 1st/7th
century, and if local governors could also patronise Qur an production, this manuscript easily
could have post-dated Wal1
d. See, e.g., fiA wýÿn, al-Qirýÿ"ýÿt, pp. 13 30 (his account of
Qur anic education and patronage under the Umayyads). All of this notwithstanding, Dutton s
dating is just as plausible as these other scenarios.
87 M. Amari first designated the type of script that appears in MS Or. 2165 as  Øijýÿz1
 based
on Ibn al-Nad1
m s description of early scripts in his Fihrist. See Amari,  Bibliographie
primitive du Coran in G. Salvo Cosso (ed.), Centenario della nascita di Michele Amari
(2 vols, Palermo: n.p., 1910), vol. 1, pp. 1 22, cited in François Déroche, art.  Manuscripts of
the Qur ýÿn in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Qur"ýÿn (5 vols, Leiden:
E.J. Brill, 2003), vol. 3, pp. 254 75; compare Ibn al-Nad1
m, al-Fihrist, p. 14. Bergsträsser also
listed some script types (one of them Øijýÿz1
) based on his collection of early papyri
(Bergsträsser, Zur ältesten Geschichte der kufischen Schrift: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins
f¼r Buchwesen und Schrifttum (1919), pp. 54 66). Nabia Abbott then detailed features of this
script in The Rise of the North Arabic Script and its Kur"ýÿnic Development (Chicago: Chicago
University Press, 1939), in which she identified the right-leaning alif that appears in our
manuscript as a developed form of the first-century Meccan/Øijýÿz1
script, terming it  mýÿ"il
and dating it to the 2nd/8th century (Abbott, The Rise of the North Arabic Script, pp. 17 24).
Grohmann followed with an attempt to refine Abbott s categorisation, applying a
paleographical analysis to several early Qur anic manuscripts to conclude that many
(including our manuscript  MS Or. 2165) date back to the 1st/7th century (Grohmann,  The
Problem of Dating , esp. p. 222). Finally, Déroche developed the typology of Qur anic scripts,
and concluded that mýÿ"il was no independent script type, but Øijýÿz1
was; it encompassed the
so-called mýÿ"il scripts described by Abbott and Grohmann, and he dated it to the second half [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]